A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inganta ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa na photovoltaic (PVWPS) ya jawo hankalin masu bincike sosai, yayin da aikin su ya dogara ne akan samar da makamashi mai tsabta. aikace-aikacen da suka haɗa da dabarun rage hasara da aka yi amfani da su a cikin induction Motors (IM) .Maƙasudin sarrafawa yana zaɓar mafi kyawun haɓakar haɓaka ta hanyar rage hasara na IM. Bugu da ƙari, ana kuma gabatar da hanyar lura da rikice-rikice na mataki-mataki. An gane dacewa da tsarin sarrafawa ta hanyar da aka ba da shawarar. rage karfin halin yanzu;sabili da haka, an rage yawan asarar mota kuma an inganta ingantaccen aiki.An kwatanta dabarun sarrafawa da aka tsara tare da hanyoyi ba tare da rage hasara ba. Sakamakon kwatanta yana nuna tasiri na hanyar da aka tsara, wanda ya dogara ne akan rage yawan hasara a cikin wutar lantarki, shayar da halin yanzu, gudana. ruwa, da haɓaka haɓakawa.An yi gwajin gwajin processor-in-the-loop (PIL) a matsayin gwajin gwaji na hanyar da aka tsara.Ya haɗa da aiwatar da lambar C da aka samar akan allon gano STM32F4. Sakamakon da aka samu daga abin da aka saka. allon yana kama da sakamakon kwaikwayo na lambobi.
Makamashi mai sabuntawa, musammanhasken ranaFasahar hoto, na iya zama madadin mai tsabta ga burbushin mai a cikin tsarin famfo ruwa1,2.Photovoltaic tsarin famfo ya sami kulawa sosai a wurare masu nisa ba tare da wutar lantarki ba3,4.
Ana amfani da injuna daban-daban a cikin aikace-aikacen famfo na PV. Mataki na farko na PVWPS ya dogara ne akan motocin DC. Waɗannan injinan suna da sauƙin sarrafawa da aiwatarwa, amma suna buƙatar kulawa ta yau da kullun saboda kasancewar annotators da goge5.Don shawo kan wannan gazawar, ba tare da gogewa ba. An gabatar da injunan maganadisu na dindindin, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin gogewa, inganci mai ƙarfi da aminci6.Idan aka kwatanta da sauran injina, PVWPS na tushen IM yana da mafi kyawun aiki saboda wannan injin yana da aminci, ƙarancin farashi, ba tare da kulawa ba, kuma yana ba da ƙarin damar yin amfani da dabarun sarrafawa7. .Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) dabaru da kuma Direct Torque Control (DTC) hanyoyin yawanci amfani8.
IFOC ya haɓaka ta Blaschke da Hasse kuma yana ba da damar canza saurin IM akan fa'ida9,10.Tsarin halin yanzu ya kasu kashi biyu, ɗayan yana haifar da motsi na magnetic kuma ɗayan yana haifar da juzu'i ta hanyar juyawa zuwa tsarin daidaitawa dq.Wannan yana ba da damar. iko mai zaman kanta na jujjuyawar juyi da jujjuyawar juzu'i a ƙarƙashin tsayayyen yanayi da yanayi mai ƙarfi.Axis (d) yana daidaitawa tare da juzu'in jujjuyawar sararin samaniya, wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren q-axis na juzu'in jujjuyawar sararin samaniya yana kasancewa koyaushe zero.FOC yana ba da amsa mai kyau da sauri11 ,12, duk da haka, wannan hanya tana da rikitarwa kuma tana ƙarƙashin ma'auni bambance-bambance13. Don shawo kan waɗannan gazawar, Takashi da Noguchi14 sun gabatar da DTC, wanda ke da babban aiki mai ƙarfi kuma yana da ƙarfi kuma ba shi da hankali ga canje-canjen siga. ana sarrafa su ta hanyar rage jujjuyawar stator da juzu'i daga madaidaitan ƙididdigewa. Ana ciyar da sakamakon a cikin kwatancen hysteresis don samar da vector mai dacewa don sarrafawa.duka stator flux da karfin juyi.
Babban rashin jin daɗi na wannan dabarun sarrafawa shine babban jujjuyawar jujjuyawar jujjuyawar jujjuyawar jujjuyawar jujjuyawa saboda amfani da masu sarrafa hysteresis don stator flux da ka'idojin wutar lantarki na lantarki15,42. Ana amfani da masu juyawa da yawa don rage girman ripple, amma ana rage ƙimar inganci ta yawan adadin wutar lantarki16. Mawallafa da yawa sun yi amfani da yanayin vector na sararin samaniya (SWM) 17, sarrafa yanayin zamiya (SMC) 18, waɗanda ke da fasaha masu ƙarfi amma suna fama da tasirin jittering maras so. hanyoyin sadarwa, dabarun sarrafawa wanda ke buƙatar masu sarrafawa masu sauri don aiwatarwa20, da (2) algorithms na kwayoyin halitta21.
Kulawa mai banƙyama yana da ƙarfi, ya dace da dabarun sarrafawa marasa daidaituwa, kuma baya buƙatar sanin ainihin samfurin.Ya haɗa da yin amfani da ɓangarorin dabaru masu banƙyama maimakon masu kula da hysteretic da canza tebur zaɓi don rage juzu'i da ripple.Ya kamata a nuna cewa DTC na tushen FLC yana ba da mafi kyawun aiki22, amma bai isa ba don haɓaka ingancin injin, don haka ana buƙatar dabarun inganta madauki.
A yawancin binciken da suka gabata, marubutan sun zaɓi juzu'i na yau da kullun azaman juzu'in juzu'i, amma wannan zaɓin tunani baya wakiltar kyakkyawan aiki.
Ƙaƙƙarfan aiki mai mahimmanci, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun hanyoyi. a m juyi tunani a lokacin da tsarin aiki.
Yawancin marubuta sun ba da shawarar mai kula da bincike (SC) wanda ke rage hasara a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban (kamar in27) don inganta ingantacciyar injin.Dabaran ta ƙunshi aunawa da rage girman shigar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar maimaita d-axis halin yanzu ko stator flux. Amma duk da haka, wannan hanyar tana gabatar da juzu'i mai ƙarfi saboda girgizawar da ake samu a cikin iskar iska, kuma aiwatar da wannan hanyar tana ɗaukar lokaci da ƙididdige albarkatun. yi makale a cikin ƙaramin gida, yana haifar da rashin zaɓi na sigogin sarrafawa29.
A cikin wannan takarda, an ba da shawarar wata dabarar da ke da alaƙa da FDTC don zaɓar madaidaicin haɓakar magnetic ta hanyar rage asarar mota.Wannan haɗin yana tabbatar da ikon yin amfani da madaidaicin matakin juzu'i a kowane wurin aiki, ta haka yana haɓaka haɓakar tsarin samar da ruwa na photovoltaic da aka tsara. Sabili da haka, yana da alama ya dace sosai don aikace-aikacen famfo ruwa na photovoltaic.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana yin gwajin gwajin-in-madauki na hanyar da aka tsara ta hanyar amfani da hukumar STM32F4 a matsayin gwajin gwaji. Babban amfani da wannan mahimmanci shine sauƙi na aiwatarwa, ƙananan farashi kuma babu buƙatar haɓaka shirye-shirye masu rikitarwa 30. Bugu da ƙari. , Kwamitin FT232RL USB-UART yana da alaƙa da STM32F4, wanda ke ba da tabbacin hanyar sadarwa ta waje don kafa tashar tashar jiragen ruwa mai mahimmanci (COM tashar jiragen ruwa) a kan kwamfutar.
Ayyukan PVWPS ta amfani da dabarar da aka tsara an kwatanta shi da tsarin PV ba tare da ragewa asara ba a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na aiki. Sakamakon da aka samu ya nuna cewa tsarin famfo na ruwa na photovoltaic da aka tsara ya fi kyau a rage girman hasara na stator na yanzu da tagulla, inganta haɓakar ruwa da ruwa mai ruwa.
Sauran takardun an tsara su kamar haka: An ba da samfurin tsarin tsarin da aka tsara a cikin sashin "Modeling of Photovoltaic Systems" A cikin sashin "Tsarin Gudanar da tsarin da aka yi nazari", FDTC, tsarin kulawa da aka tsara da kuma fasahar MPPT. An bayyana dalla-dalla. An tattauna abubuwan da aka gano a cikin sashin "Sakamakon Simulation". A cikin "gwajin PIL tare da sashin binciken STM32F4", an kwatanta gwajin processor-in-loop. An gabatar da ƙarshen wannan takarda a cikin "" Kammalawa” sashe.
Hoto 1 yana nuna tsarin tsarin tsarin da aka tsara don tsarin famfo ruwa na PV na tsaye.Tsarin ya ƙunshi famfo centrifugal na tushen IM, tsararriyar hoto, masu canza wutar lantarki guda biyu [ƙarfafa mai canzawa da wutar lantarki mai inverter (VSI)].A cikin wannan sashe. , an gabatar da ƙirar ƙirar tsarin aikin famfo ruwa na photovoltaic da aka yi nazari.
Wannan takarda tana ɗaukar samfurin diode guda ɗaya nahasken ranaKwayoyin photovoltaic.Halayen tantanin halitta PV ana nuna su ta 31, 32, da 33.
Don yin karbuwa, ana amfani da na'ura mai haɓakawa. Alakar da ke tsakanin shigarwa da ƙarfin fitarwa na mai sauya DC-DC ana ba da shi ta Equation 34 a ƙasa:
Za'a iya siffanta ƙirar lissafi na IM a cikin firam ɗin tunani (α,β) ta madaidaitan 5,40 masu zuwa:
Inda \(l_{s }\),\(l_{r}): stator da rotor inductance, M: mutual inductance, \(R_{s }\), \(I_{s }\): stator juriya da stator Current, \(R_{r}\), \(I_{r}\): juriya na rotor da rotor current, \(\phi_{s}\), \(V_{s}\): stator flux da stator irin ƙarfin lantarki , \ (\phi_{r} \), \ (V_{r} \): juyi juyi da ƙarfin lantarki.
Matsakaicin nauyin famfo na centrifugal daidai da murabba'in saurin IM ana iya ƙaddara ta:
Gudanar da tsarin famfo na ruwa da aka tsara ya kasu kashi uku daban-daban.Kashi na farko yana hulɗar da fasahar MPPT.Kashi na biyu yana magana game da tuki IM bisa ga madaidaicin ma'auni mai kula da wutar lantarki.Bugu da ƙari, Sashe na III ya bayyana wata dabarar da ta shafi fasaha. DTC na tushen FLC wanda ke ba da damar tantance juzu'i.
A cikin wannan aikin, ana amfani da dabarar P&O mai canzawa-mataki don bin diddigin madaidaicin madaidaicin iko. Ana nuna shi ta hanyar bin diddigin sauri da ƙananan oscillation (Hoto 2) 37,38,39.
Babban ra'ayin DTC shine don sarrafa juzu'i da jujjuyawar na'urar kai tsaye, amma yin amfani da masu sarrafa hysteresis don ƙarfin wutar lantarki da ka'idojin motsi na stator yana haifar da babban juzu'i da jujjuyawa.Saboda haka, ana gabatar da dabarar blurring don haɓakawa Hanyar DTC (Fig. 7), kuma FLC na iya haɓaka isassun jihohin inverter.
A cikin wannan matakin, ana canza shigarwar zuwa sauye-sauye masu ban mamaki ta hanyar ayyukan membobinsu (MF) da kalmomin harshe.
Ayyukan memba guda uku na shigarwar farko (εφ) mara kyau ne (N), tabbatacce (P), da sifili (Z), kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 3.
Ayyukan memba guda biyar don shigarwa na biyu (\(\varepsilon\)Tem) Negative Large (NL) Negative Small (NS) Zero (Z) Ƙananan Ƙananan (PS) da Babban Babban (PL), kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto 4.
Matsayin juzu'i na stator ya ƙunshi sassa 12, waɗanda saitin ruɗaɗɗen ke wakilta ta aikin memba na isosceles triangular, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 5.
Rukunin tebur 1 180 ƙa'idodi masu banƙyama waɗanda ke amfani da ayyukan shigar da memba don zaɓar jihohin da suka dace.
Ana yin hanyar ƙaddamarwa ta amfani da dabarar Mamdani. Ma'aunin nauyi (\(\alpha_{i}\)) na ƙa'idar i-th yana ba da:
inda\(\mu Ai \hagu( {e\varphi } \right)\),\(\mu Bi \ hagu( {eT} \ dama) , \) \(\mu Ci \ hagu( \ theta \ dama) \) : Ƙimar memba na motsin maganadisu, juzu'i da kuskuren kusurwar juzu'i na stator.
Hoto na 6 yana misalta kaifi mai ƙima da aka samu daga madaidaitan ƙima ta amfani da matsakaicin hanyar da Eq.(20) ya gabatar.
Ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar motar, ana iya ƙara yawan kwararar ruwa, wanda hakan yana ƙara yawan bututun ruwa na yau da kullun (Figure 7) .Manufar wannan dabarar ita ce haɗar dabarun rage ƙarancin asarar hasara tare da hanyar sarrafa juzu'i kai tsaye.
An san cewa darajar magnetic flux yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen motar.High darajar dabi'u yana haifar da asarar baƙin ƙarfe da kuma saturation na magnetic na kewaye.
Saboda haka, raguwar asara a cikin IM yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da zaɓin matakin juzu'i.
Hanyar da aka ba da shawarar ta dogara ne akan ƙirar asarar Joule da ke hade da halin yanzu da ke gudana ta hanyar iskar stator a cikin na'ura.Ya ƙunshi daidaita ƙimar juzu'in jujjuyawar juzu'i zuwa ƙimar mafi kyau, ta haka yana rage asarar motoci don ƙara haɓaka haɓaka. za a iya bayyana kamar haka (ba kula da hasara mai mahimmanci):
Ana ƙididdige ƙarfin ƙarfin wutar lantarki \ (C_{em}\) da rotor flux \ (\phi_{r} \) a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar dq kamar:
An ƙididdige ƙarfin wutar lantarki (C_{em}\) da rotor flux \ (\phi_{r} \) a cikin tunani (d,q) kamar:
Ta hanyar warware ma'auni.(30), za mu iya samun mafi kyawun halin yanzu wanda ke tabbatar da mafi kyawun juyi mai juyi da ƙarancin asarar:
An yi nau'i-nau'i daban-daban ta amfani da software na MATLAB / Simulink don kimanta ƙarfin aiki da aikin fasaha da aka tsara.Tsarin da aka bincika ya ƙunshi nau'i takwas na 230 W CSUN 235-60P (Table 2) da aka haɗa a cikin jerin. Ana amfani da famfo na centrifugal ta IM, kuma Ana nuna sigogin halayen sa a cikin Tebura 3. Abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin famfo na PV an nuna su a cikin Table 4.
A cikin wannan sashe, ana yin amfani da tsarin famfo na ruwa ta hanyar amfani da FDTC tare da ma'auni na yau da kullum tare da tsarin da aka tsara wanda ya dogara da mafi kyawun juzu'i (FDTCO) a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki guda ɗaya. An gwada aikin duka tsarin photovoltaic ta hanyar la'akari da yanayin da ke gaba:
Wannan sashe yana gabatar da tsarin farawa da aka tsara na tsarin famfo dangane da ƙarancin ƙarancin 1000 W / m2. Hoto 8e yana kwatanta amsawar saurin wutar lantarki. Idan aka kwatanta da FDTC, dabarar da aka ba da shawarar tana ba da lokaci mai kyau, ya kai matsayi mai tsayi a 1.04. s, kuma tare da FDTC, kaiwa matsayi mai tsayi a 1.93 s. Hoto 8f yana nuna famfo na dabarun sarrafawa guda biyu. Ana iya ganin cewa FDTCO yana ƙara yawan adadin famfo, wanda ya bayyana ingantaccen makamashin da aka canza ta IM. Figures 8g da 8h suna wakiltar halin yanzu na stator da aka zana. Farawa na yanzu ta amfani da FDTC shine 20 A, yayin da tsarin kulawa da aka tsara ya nuna alamar farawa na 10 A, wanda ya rage asarar Joule. Figures 8i da 8j suna nuna haɓakar haɓakar stator.The FDTC tushen. PVPWS yana aiki a cikin kullun tunani na 1.2 Wb, yayin da a cikin hanyar da aka ba da shawarar, ƙaddamarwar tunani shine 1 A, wanda ke da hannu wajen inganta ingantaccen tsarin photovoltaic.
(a)Solarradiation (b) Fitar da wutar lantarki (c) Zagayowar aiki (d) wutar lantarki bas DC (e) Saurin rotor (f) Ruwan zuƙowa (g) Tsarin lokaci na yanzu don FDTC (h) Matsayi na yanzu don FDTCO (i) Amsar Flux ta amfani da FLC (j) Amsar juzu'i ta amfani da FDTCO (k) Tsarin juzu'i na Stator ta hanyar amfani da FDTC (l) Tsarin juzu'i ta amfani da FDTCO.
Thehasken ranaradiation ya bambanta daga 1000 zuwa 700 W / m2 a 3 seconds sa'an nan zuwa 500 W / m2 a 6 seconds (Fig. 8a) Hoto 8b ya nuna daidai photovoltaic ikon 1000 W / m2, 700 W / m2 da 500 W / m2 .Hoto na 8c da 8d suna kwatanta tsarin aikin aiki da wutar lantarki na haɗin DC, bi da bi. Hoto 8e yana kwatanta saurin wutar lantarki na IM, kuma za mu iya lura cewa fasahar da aka ba da shawarar ta fi saurin gudu da lokacin amsawa idan aka kwatanta da tsarin photovoltaic na tushen FDTC. Hoto 8f yana nuna bututun ruwa don matakan rashin haske daban-daban da aka samu ta amfani da FDTC da FDTCO. Ana iya samun ƙarin famfo tare da FDTCO fiye da FDTC. Figures 8g da 8h suna kwatanta martanin da aka kwaikwayi na yanzu ta hanyar amfani da hanyar FDTC da dabarun sarrafawa da aka tsara. , An rage girman girman halin yanzu, wanda ke nufin ƙananan asarar tagulla, don haka ƙara haɓaka tsarin aiki.Saboda haka, babban motsi na farawa zai iya haifar da rage yawan aikin inji.Hoto 8j yana nuna juyin halitta na amsawar juzu'i don zaɓar.mafi kyawun juzu'i don tabbatar da cewa an rage asarar hasara, sabili da haka, dabarar da aka ba da shawarar ta kwatanta aikinta.Ya bambanta da Hoto 8i, juzu'i yana da tsayi, wanda ba ya wakiltar aiki mafi kyau. Figures 8k da 8l suna nuna juyin halitta na stator flux trajectory.Figure 8l yana kwatanta mafi kyawun haɓaka haɓakar haɓakawa kuma ya bayyana babban ra'ayin dabarun sarrafawa da aka gabatar.
Canji kwatsam a cikihasken ranaAn yi amfani da radiation, farawa tare da rashin haske na 1000 W / m2 kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya ragu zuwa 500 W / m2 bayan 1.5 s (Fig. 9a) Hoto na 9b yana nuna ikon daukar hoto da aka samo daga bangarori na hoto, wanda ya dace da 1000 W / m2 da 500 W / m2. Hoto na 9c da 9d suna kwatanta tsarin aikin aiki da wutar lantarki na DC, daidai da haka. Kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga siffa 9e, hanyar da aka tsara ta samar da mafi kyawun lokacin amsawa. Hoto 9f yana nuna famfo ruwa da aka samu don dabarun sarrafawa guda biyu. tare da FDTCO ya fi girma fiye da FDTC, yin famfo 0.01 m3 / s a 1000 W / m2 irradiance idan aka kwatanta da 0.009 m3 / s tare da FDTC;Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da rashin haske ya kasance 500 W A / m2, FDTCO ya yi amfani da 0.0079 m3 / s, yayin da FDTC ya yi amfani da 0.0077 m3 / s. Figures 9g da 9h. Ya kwatanta amsawar halin yanzu da aka kwatanta ta amfani da hanyar FDTC da tsarin kulawa da aka tsara. Za mu iya lura cewa dabarun sarrafawa da aka tsara ya nuna cewa an rage girman girman halin yanzu a ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye na rashin haske, wanda ya haifar da raguwar asarar tagulla. Hoto na 9j yana nuna juyin halitta na amsawar juzu'i don zaɓar mafi kyawun juzu'i don tabbatar da cewa an rage asarar hasara, sabili da haka, dabarar da aka tsara. yana kwatanta aikinta tare da motsi na 1Wb da rashin haske na 1000 W / m2, yayin da motsi shine 0.83Wb kuma rashin jin dadi shine 500 W / m2. Ya bambanta da Fig. 9i, juzu'i yana ci gaba a 1.2 Wb, wanda ba ya aiki. Hoton 9k da 9l suna nuna juyin halitta na yanayin motsi na stator. Hoto na 9l yana kwatanta mafi kyawun haɓakar haɓakawa kuma ya bayyana babban ra'ayi na tsarin kulawa da aka tsara da kuma inganta tsarin tsarin famfo da aka tsara.
(a)Solarradiation (b) Ƙarfin da aka cire (c) Zagayowar aiki (d) wutar lantarki bas na DC (e) Saurin juyi (f) Gudun ruwa (g) Tsarin lokaci na yanzu don FDTC (h) Matsayi na yanzu don FDTCO (i)) Amsar juzu'i ta amfani da FLC (j) Amsar juzu'i ta amfani da FDTCO (k) Tsarin juzu'i na Stator ta hanyar amfani da FDTC (l) Tsarin juzu'i ta amfani da FDTCO.
Ana nuna kwatancen kwatancen fasahohin biyu dangane da ƙimar juzu'i, girman halin yanzu da famfo ana nuna su a cikin Tebura 5, wanda ke nuna cewa PVWPS dangane da fasahar da aka tsara tana ba da babban aiki tare da ƙãra aikin famfo da rage girman girman halin yanzu da asara, wanda ya dace. zuwa mafi kyawun zaɓin juzu'i.
Don tabbatarwa da gwada dabarun sarrafawa da aka tsara, ana yin gwajin PIL bisa tsarin STM32F4. Ya haɗa da lambar samar da lambar da za a ɗora kuma a yi aiki a kan allon da aka saka. Jirgin ya ƙunshi microcontroller 32-bit tare da 1 MB Flash, 168 MHz. Agogon mita, na'ura mai iyo, umarnin DSP, 192 KB SRAM. A cikin wannan gwajin, an ƙirƙiri wani shinge na PIL a cikin tsarin sarrafawa wanda ke dauke da lambar da aka samar bisa ga STM32F4 kayan aikin ganowa kuma an gabatar da shi a cikin software na Simulink. Matakan da za a ba da izini. Ana nuna gwajin PIL da za a daidaita ta amfani da allon STM32F4 a cikin Hoto 10.
Gwajin haɗin gwiwar PIL ta amfani da STM32F4 za a iya amfani dashi azaman fasaha mai sauƙi don tabbatar da fasaha da aka tsara.
Ana aiwatar da na ƙarshe a lokaci guda tare da Simulink kuma yana musayar bayanai yayin haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da hanyar PVWPS da aka tsara. Hoto na 12 yana kwatanta aiwatar da tsarin ingantaccen tsarin fasaha a cikin STM32F4.
Kawai dabarar jujjuyawar magana mafi kyau da aka gabatar ana nunawa a cikin wannan haɗin gwiwar, kamar yadda shine babban madaidaicin iko don wannan aikin yana nuna halayen kulawa na tsarin famfo ruwa na hotovoltaic.
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-15-2022
