PROFIDENCE, Rhode Island (AP) - Yayin da sauyin yanayi ke ingiza jihohin Amurka wajen dakile amfani da makamashin da suke amfani da shi, da yawa sun yi ittifakin cewa hasken rana, iska da sauran hanyoyin samar da makamashin da ake sabunta su ba za su wadatar da wutar lantarki ba.
hasken rana post fitilu
Yayin da kasashe ke nisanta kansu daga kwal, man fetur da iskar gas don rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kuma gujewa mummunan tasirin da duniyar ke fuskanta, makamashin nukiliya yana bullowa a matsayin mafita don cike gibin.Sabuwar sha'awar makamashin nukiliya ta zo ne yayin da kamfanoni ciki har da wanda ya kafa Microsoft Bill Bill. Gates suna haɓaka ƙarami, masu rahusa reactors don haɓaka grid ɗin wutar lantarki a cikin al'ummomi a duk faɗin Amurka
Makamin nukiliya yana da nasa matsalolin matsalolin da za a iya fuskanta, musamman ma sharar rediyo wanda zai iya zama haɗari ga dubban shekaru. Amma masu goyon bayan sun ce za a iya rage haɗarin haɗari, kuma makamashi yana da mahimmanci don daidaita wutar lantarki yayin da duniya ke ƙoƙarin yaye kanta daga carbon dioxide- fitar da burbushin mai.
Jeff Lyash, shugaban kuma Shugaba na Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee, ya sanya shi a sauƙaƙe: Babu wani gagarumin raguwa a cikin hayaƙin carbon ba tare da ikon nukiliya ba.
"A wannan lokaci a lokaci, ban ga hanyar da za ta kai mu can ba tare da ajiye jiragen ruwa na yanzu da kuma gina sababbin makaman nukiliya ba," in ji Lyash. ”
TVA mallakin gwamnatin tarayya ne da ke samar da wutar lantarki ga jihohi bakwai kuma shi ne na uku mafi girma na samar da wutar lantarki a Amurka.Zai kara kusan megawatts 10,000 na wutar lantarki nan da shekarar 2035—wanda ya isa ya samar da wutar lantarki kusan gidaje miliyan 1 a shekara-kuma yana sarrafa uku. Tashar makamashin nukiliya da shirye-shiryen gwada wani karamin reactor a Oak Ridge, Tennessee.By 2050, yana fatan cimma ci gaba da iskar gas, ma'ana ba a samar da iskar gas kamar yadda ake cirewa daga sararin samaniya.
Wani binciken da Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press ya yi kan manufofin makamashi a duk jihohin 50 da gundumar Columbia ya gano cewa mafi rinjaye (kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku) sun yi imanin cewa makamashin nukiliya zai iya taimakawa wajen maye gurbin makamashin burbushin ta wata hanya. Farko na fadada aikin samar da makamashin nukiliya a Amurka cikin fiye da shekaru talatin.
hasken rana post fitilu
Kimanin kashi daya bisa uku na jihohi da Gundumar Columbia da ke mayar da martani ga binciken na AP sun ce ba su da wani shiri na sanya makamashin nukiliya a cikin manufofinsu na makamashin kore, suna dogaro da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Jami'an makamashi a wadannan jihohin sun ce burinsu na iya cimmawa saboda ci gaba. a cikin ajiyar makamashin batir, saka hannun jari a ma'aunin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi a tsakanin jihohi, da ƙoƙarin ingantaccen makamashi don rage buƙata da ƙarfin da madatsun ruwa na ruwa ke samarwa.
Rarrabuwar da jihohin Amurka ke yi kan makamashin nukiliyar madubin madubin irin wannan muhawarar ce ke ci gaba da tafkawa a Turai, inda kasashe ciki har da Jamus suka dakatar da samar da makamashin nukiliya da dai sauransu, kamar Faransa, na tsayawa kan wannan fasaha ko kuma shirin kara ginawa.
Gwamnatin Biden, wacce ta nemi daukar tsauraran matakai don rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, ta yi nuni da cewa makamashin nukiliya na iya taimakawa wajen rama koma bayan da makamashin da ke da alaka da iskar Carbon da ake samu a tashar makamashin Amurka.
Sakatariyar Makamashi ta Amurka, Jennifer Granholm, ta shaidawa Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press cewa, gwamnati na son a samu wutar lantarki ta sifili, wanda ke nufin makamashin nukiliya, wanda ke nufin ruwa, wato geothermal, wanda a bayyane yake yana nufin iska da iska, wanda ke nufin hasken rana..”
"Muna son shi duka," in ji Granholm a lokacin ziyarar watan Disamba zuwa Providence, Rhode Island, don inganta aikin iska na teku.
Kunshin samar da ababen more rayuwa na dala tiriliyan 1 Biden ya goyi baya kuma ya sanya hannu kan doka a bara zai ware kusan dala biliyan 2.5 don ci gaban ayyukan zanga-zangar. free nan gaba.
Granholm ya kuma yi la'akari da sabbin fasahohin da suka shafi hydrogen da kamawa da adana carbon dioxide kafin a sake shi cikin yanayi.
Ma'aikatan makamashin nukiliya sun yi aiki da aminci kuma ba tare da carbon ba shekaru da yawa, kuma tattaunawar canjin yanayi a halin yanzu tana kawo fa'idar makamashin nukiliya a kan gaba, in ji Maria Korsnick, shugabar cibiyar makamashin nukiliyar, ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta masana'antu.
"Ma'auni na wannan grid a fadin Amurka, yana buƙatar wani abu wanda koyaushe yake can, kuma yana buƙatar wani abu wanda zai iya zama ainihin kashin bayan wannan grid, idan za ku so," in ji ta. "Shi ya sa yake aiki da iska, hasken rana da kuma makaman nukiliya."
Edwin Lyman, darektan kare lafiyar makamashin nukiliya a ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar da ke damuwa, ya ce fasahar nukiliya har yanzu tana da manyan haɗari waɗanda sauran hanyoyin samar da makamashin da ba su da ƙarfi. Wutar lantarki mai tsada, in ji shi.Ya kuma damu cewa masana'antar na iya yanke shinge kan tsaro da tsaro don adana kuɗi da kuma yin takara a kasuwa.Kungiyar ba ta adawa da amfani da makamashin nukiliya, amma tana son tabbatar da cewa ba ta da lafiya.
"Ba na da kwarin gwiwar cewa za mu ga ingantaccen tsaro da bukatu na tsaro da za su sanya ni jin dadi tare da daukar ko tura wadannan abubuwan da ake kira kananan injina na zamani a fadin kasar," in ji Lyman.
Har ila yau, {asar Amirka ba ta da wani shiri na dogon lokaci don sarrafawa ko zubar da sharar da za ta iya kasancewa a cikin muhalli na dubban daruruwan shekaru, kuma duka sharar gida da na'ura na iya fuskantar haɗari ko hare-haren da aka yi niyya, in ji Lyman. 2011 bala’o’in nukiliya a tsibirin Three Mile, Pennsylvania, Chernobyl, da kuma kwanan nan, Fukushima, Japan, sun ba da gargaɗi na dindindin na hatsarori.
Makaman nukiliya ya riga ya samar da kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na wutar lantarkin Amurka da kuma kusan rabin makamashin da ba za a iya amfani da shi ba a Amurka. Mafi yawan ma'aikatun 93 na ƙasar suna gabas da kogin Mississippi.
A cikin watan Agustan 2020, Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ta amince da sabon ƙaramin ƙirar reactor guda ɗaya kawai - daga wani kamfani mai suna NuScale Power.Wasu kamfanoni uku sun gaya wa kwamitin cewa suna shirin neman ƙirarsu.Dukkanin suna amfani da ruwa don sanyaya zuciyar.
Ana sa ran NRC za ta gabatar da kayayyaki na kusan rabin dozin na ci gaba na reactors waɗanda ke amfani da wasu abubuwa banda ruwa don sanyaya zuciyar, kamar gas, ƙarfe na ruwa ko narkakken gishiri.Wadannan sun haɗa da wani aiki na kamfanin Gates TerraPower a Wyoming, mafi girman gawayi. -haɓaka jihar a Amurka.Ta dade tana dogaro da kwal don samun iko da ayyuka, kuma tana jigilar shi zuwa fiye da rabin jihohin.
Yayin da kayan aiki ke fita daga kwal, Wyoming yana amfani da makamashin iska kuma ya sanya karfin iska mafi girma na uku a kowace jiha a cikin 2020, a bayan Texas da Iowa kawai. makamashin kasar da za a samar da shi gaba daya ta hanyar iska da hasken rana.Ya kamata makamashin da ake sabuntawa ya yi aiki tare da sauran fasahohi kamar makaman nukiliya da hydrogen, in ji shi.
TerraPower yana shirin gina masana'antar nunin reactor na ci gaba a Kemmerer, wani gari mai mutane 2,700 a yammacin Wyoming, inda wata tashar wutar lantarki ta kashe wutar lantarki.Ma'aikatar tana amfani da fasahar sodium, injin mai sanyaya mai sauri mai sanyaya sodium tare da tsarin ajiyar makamashi.
A West Virginia, wata jihar da ta dogara da kwal, wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki na kokarin soke matakin da jihar ta dauka na gina sabbin cibiyoyin nukiliya.
Za a gina na'ura mai ba da wutar lantarki ta TerraPower na biyu a dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasa na Idaho. Gwajin narkar da sinadarin chloride zai kasance yana da cibiya kamar firiji da narkakkar gishiri don sanyaya shi maimakon ruwa.
Daga cikin sauran kasashen da ke goyan bayan makamashin nukiliya, Jojiya ta nace cewa fadada tashar nukiliyarta za ta "samar da Georgia tare da isasshen makamashi mai tsabta" don shekaru 60 zuwa 80. Georgia tana da aikin nukiliya kawai da aka gina a Amurka - fadada tashar Vogtle daga manyan al'adun gargajiya guda biyu. Adadin kudin da aka kashe yanzu ya ninka dala biliyan 14 da aka yi hasashe a farko, kuma aikin ya yi kasa da shekaru.
New Hampshire ta ce ba za a iya cimma burin muhallin yankin cikin sauki ba tare da makamashin nukiliya ba.Hukumar makamashi ta Alaska ta fara shirin amfani da kananan na'urorin sarrafa makamashin nukiliya tun a shekara ta 2007, mai yiwuwa a farkon ma'adinai da sansanonin soji.
Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Maryland ta ce yayin da duk makasudin makamashi da ake sabunta su abin yabawa ne kuma farashin yana faɗuwa, "don nan gaba mai yiwuwa, za mu buƙaci mai iri-iri," gami da makamashin nukiliya da tsabtace iskar gas, don tabbatar da amincin Jima'i da sassauci. wata tashar makamashin nukiliya a Maryland, kuma Hukumar Kula da Makamashi tana tattaunawa da wani mai kera na'urori masu karamin karfi.
Wasu jami'ai, galibi a jihohin da Demokradiyyar ke jagoranta, sun ce sun wuce karfin nukiliya. Wasu sun ce ba su dogara da shi ba tun farko kuma ba sa tunanin ana bukatar hakan a nan gaba.
Idan aka kwatanta da shigar da injin turbin iska ko na'urorin hasken rana, farashin sabbin injina, damuwa na aminci da tambayoyin da ba a warware ba game da yadda za a adana sharar nukiliya mai haɗari sune masu warware matsalar, in ji su. Kungiyar Saliyo ta bayyana su a matsayin "haɗari mai yawa, tsada mai tsada da kuma shakku sosai".
Doreen Harris, shugaba kuma shugabar hukumar bincike da bunkasa makamashi ta jihar New York, ta bayyana cewa, jihar New York ce ke da burin sauyin yanayi a Amurka, kuma makamashin da za a yi a nan gaba zai kasance karkashin iska da hasken rana da kuma samar da wutar lantarki. iko.
Harris ta ce tana ganin makoma fiye da makaman nukiliya, daga kusan kashi 30% na hadakar makamashin jihar a yau zuwa kusan kashi 5%, amma jihar za ta bukaci ci gaba, ajiyar batir mai dorewa da watakila tsaftataccen zabi kamar man hydrogen.
Nevada na da damuwa musamman ga makamashin nukiliya bayan gazawar wani shiri na adana makamashin nukiliyar da jihar ta kashe a tsaunin Yucca. Jami'ai a wurin ba sa ganin makamashin nukiliya a matsayin wani zaɓi mai dacewa.
"Nevada ta fahimci fiye da sauran jihohi cewa fasahar nukiliya tana da muhimman batutuwan rayuwa," in ji David Bozien, darektan Ofishin Makamashi na Gwamnan Nevada, a cikin wata sanarwa. .”
California tana shirin rufe tashar makamashin nukiliya ta ƙarshe, Diablo Canyon, a cikin 2025 yayin da ta canza zuwa makamashi mai arha mai arha don kunna wutar lantarki ta 2045.
A cewar jihar, idan California ta ci gaba da fadada wutar lantarki mai tsafta a "kudirin rikodi a cikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa," yana ƙara kimanin gigawatts 6 na hasken rana, iska da ajiyar baturi a kowace shekara, jami'ai sun yi imanin cewa za su iya cimma wannan buri.Takardar tsarawa .California kuma na shigo da wutar lantarkin da ake samarwa a wasu jihohi a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin grid na yammacin Amurka.
Masu shakka sun yi tambaya ko cikakken shirin makamashin da za a sabunta na California zai yi aiki a cikin yanayin mutane kusan miliyan 40.
Jinkirta ritayar Diablo Canyon har zuwa 2035 zai ceci California dalar Amurka biliyan 2.6 a cikin farashin tsarin wutar lantarki, rage damar da za a yi baƙar fata da rage fitar da iskar carbon, binciken da masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Stanford da MIT suka kammala.Lokacin da aka fitar da binciken a watan Nuwamba, tsohon Sakataren Makamashi na Amurka. Steven Chu ya ce Amurka ba ta shirya samar da makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa dari bisa dari nan ba da dadewa ba.
"Za su kasance lokacin da iska ba ta buso kuma rana ba ta haskakawa," in ji shi. "Kuma za mu bukaci wani iko da za mu iya kunnawa mu aika yadda muke so.Wannan ya bar zaɓuɓɓuka biyu: burbushin mai ko makaman nukiliya. "
Amma Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta California ta ce bayan 2025, Diablo Canyon na iya buƙatar "haɓaka haɓakar girgizar ƙasa" da canje-canje ga tsarin sanyaya wanda zai iya kashe sama da dala biliyan 1. Kakakin hukumar Terrie Prosper ya ce megawatts 11,500 na sabbin albarkatun makamashi mai tsabta zai zo kan layi nan da 2026 zuwa biyan bukatun jihar na dogon lokaci.
Jason Bordorf, shugaban wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Columbia, ya ce yayin da shirin California "yana da yuwuwa a fasaha," yana da shakku saboda kalubalen gina karfin samar da wutar lantarki da sauri.jima'i.Bordoff ya ce akwai "kyawawan dalilai" don yin la'akari da tsawaita rayuwar Dark Canyon don rage farashin makamashi da rage yawan hayaki da sauri.
"Dole ne mu haɗa makamashin nukiliya ta hanyar da ta yarda cewa ba tare da haɗari ba," in ji shi. "Amma haɗarin kasa cimma burin mu na yanayi ya fi haɗarin haɗa da makamashin nukiliya a cikin mahaɗin makamashin sifili."
Lokacin aikawa: Janairu-24-2022
