Yayin da wayewa ke girma, kuzarin da ake buƙata don tallafawa tsarin rayuwarmu yana ƙaruwa kowace rana, yana buƙatar mu nemo sabbin sabbin hanyoyin amfani da albarkatunmu masu sabuntawa, kamar hasken rana, don samar da ƙarin kuzari ga al'ummarmu don ci gaba da Ci gaba.
Hasken rana ya ba da damar rayuwa a duniyarmu tsawon ƙarni. Ko kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, rana ta ba da damar samar da kusan dukkanin hanyoyin samar da makamashi da aka sani kamar burbushin mai, ruwa, iska, biomass, da dai sauransu Yayin da wayewar ke girma, ƙarfin da ake buƙata don tallafawa. Hanyar rayuwar mu tana karuwa a kowace rana, yana buƙatar mu nemo sababbin hanyoyin da za mu iya amfani da albarkatun mu masu sabuntawa, kamar hasken rana, don samar da karin makamashi ga al'ummarmu don ci gaba da Ci gaba.
Tun a zamanin d ¯ a mun iya rayuwa ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana, ta yin amfani da hasken rana a matsayin tushen makamashi wanda ya samo asali daga gine-ginen da aka gina fiye da shekaru 6,000 da suka wuce, ta hanyar daidaita gidan ta yadda hasken rana ya wuce ta hanyar budewa da ke aiki a matsayin nau'i na dumama. .Shekaru dubunnan bayan haka, Masarawa da Girkawa sun yi amfani da wannan dabarar don sanya gidajensu su yi sanyi a lokacin rani ta hanyar ba su kariya daga rana [1].Ana amfani da manyan tagogi guda ɗaya a matsayin tagogin zafin rana, wanda ke ba da damar zafi daga rana ya shiga amma tarko. zafi a ciki.Hasken rana ba kawai yana da mahimmanci ga zafin da yake samarwa a duniyar duniyar ba, amma kuma ana amfani dashi don adanawa da adana abinci ta hanyar gishiri. A cikin salinization, ana amfani da rana don ƙafe ruwan teku mai guba da samun gishiri, wanda aka tattara. A cikin wuraren waha na hasken rana [1].A cikin marigayi Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci ya ba da shawarar fara aikace-aikacen masana'antu na masana'antar concave na hasken rana a matsayin masu dumama ruwa, sannan Leonardo kuma ya ba da shawarar fasahar walda ɗan sanda.er ta yin amfani da hasken rana da kuma ƙyale hanyoyin fasaha don gudanar da kayan aikin yadi [1] Ba da daɗewa ba a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu, W. Adams ya halicci abin da ake kira yanzu tanda mai hasken rana.Wannan tanda yana da madubin gilashin azurfa guda takwas wanda ke samar da wani octagonal reflector. Hasken rana shine An mayar da hankali da madubi zuwa cikin akwatin katako mai lullube da gilashi inda za a ajiye tukunyar a bar shi ya tafasa[1].A hanzarta gaba cikin 'yan shekaru ɗari kuma an gina injin tururi na hasken rana a kusa da 1882 [1].Abel Pifre ya yi amfani da madubi mai kaifi 3.5. m a diamita kuma ya mai da hankali kan tukunyar tururi mai siliki wanda ya samar da isasshen ƙarfi don fitar da injin bugu.
A cikin 2004, an kafa masana'antar sarrafa hasken rana ta farko ta kasuwanci mai suna Planta Solar 10 a Seville, Spain. Hasken rana yana haskakawa a kan hasumiya mai kusan mita 624, inda ake shigar da masu karɓar hasken rana tare da injin tururi da janareta.Wannan yana da ikon samar da makamashi. don ba da wutar lantarki fiye da gidaje 5,500. Kusan shekaru goma bayan haka, a cikin 2014, an buɗe tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a duniya a California, USA. Cibiyar ta yi amfani da madubai fiye da 300,000 kuma ya ba da damar samar da megawatts 377 na wutar lantarki don yin amfani da kusan gidaje 140,000. 1].
Ba wai kawai ana gina masana'antu da amfani da su ba, amma masu amfani da su a cikin shagunan sayar da kayayyaki kuma suna ƙirƙirar sabbin fasahohi. Fayilolin hasken rana sun fara farawa, har ma da motoci masu amfani da hasken rana sun shigo cikin wasa, amma ɗayan sabbin abubuwan da har yanzu ba a sanar ba shine sabon hasken rana. fasahar sawa mai amfani da wutar lantarki.Ta hanyar haɗa haɗin kebul na USB ko wasu na'urori, yana ba da damar haɗi daga tufafi zuwa na'urori irin su maɓuɓɓuka, wayoyi da na'urorin kunne, waɗanda za'a iya caji akan tafiya.Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, ƙungiyar masu binciken Japan a Riken Cibiyar da Masana'antu na Attaura sun bayyana haɓakar sirin kwayar halitta na hasken rana wanda zai zafi-buga tufafi a kan tufafi, ba da damar tantanin halitta ya sha makamashin hasken rana kuma ya yi amfani da shi azaman tushen wutar lantarki [2]. kwanciyar hankali da sassauci har zuwa 120 ° C [2] .Mambobin ƙungiyar bincike sun dogara ne akan kwayoyin photovoltaic kwayoyin halitta akan wani abu da ake kira PNTz4T [3] .PNTz4T shine polymer semiconducting a baya Riken ya haɓaka don kyakkyawan en.kwanciyar hankali na vironmental da ingantaccen ƙarfin jujjuyawa, sannan bangarorin biyu na tantanin halitta an rufe su da elastomer, wani abu mai kama da roba [3]. tantanin halitta amma yana hana ruwa da iska shiga cikin tantanin halitta.Yin amfani da wannan elastomer yana taimakawa wajen rage lalacewar batir da kuma tsawaita rayuwarsa [3].
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da masana'antu shine ruwa. Rashin lalacewa na waɗannan kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da dalilai daban-daban, amma mafi girma shine ruwa, abokin gaba na kowane fasaha. Duk wani danshi mai yawa da kuma tsawaitawa zuwa iska zai iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga yadda ya dace. na Organic photovoltaic cell [4].Yayin da za ku iya guje wa samun ruwa a kwamfutarku ko wayarku a mafi yawan lokuta, ba za ku iya guje wa shi da tufafinku ba. Ko ruwan sama ne ko injin wanki, ruwa ba makawa ne.Bayan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban akan Tantanin halitta na kyauta mai zaman kanta da kuma tantanin halitta mai rufi mai gefe biyu, dukkanin kwayoyin halitta na photovoltaic guda biyu an nutsar da su cikin ruwa na tsawon minti 120, an kammala cewa ikon da aka yi amfani da shi ya kasance Ƙarƙashin ƙarfin jujjuya yana ragewa ta hanyar kawai. 5.4% Kwayoyin sun ragu da kashi 20.8% [5].
Hoto 1. Daidaitaccen ƙarfin jujjuyawar wutar lantarki a matsayin aikin lokacin nutsewa. Matsalolin kuskure a kan jadawali suna wakiltar daidaitattun daidaitattun daidaitattun daidaitattun ma'anar daidaitattun ƙarfin juyawa na farko a kowane tsari [5].
Hoto na 2 yana nuna wani ci gaba a Jami'ar Nottingham Trent, ƙaramin tantanin halitta na hasken rana wanda za'a iya saka shi a cikin yarn, wanda sai a saka shi cikin yadi [2].Kowace baturi da ke cikin samfurin ya cika wasu sharuɗɗa don amfani, kamar bukatun da ake bukata. Tsawon 3mm da faɗin 1.5mm[2].Kowace naúrar an lulluɓe shi da guduro mai hana ruwa don ba da damar wanke wanki a cikin ɗakin wanki ko saboda yanayi [2].Batura kuma an kera su don jin daɗi, kuma kowanne yana hawa a cikin wani ɗaki. hanyar da ba ta fitowa ko kuma tada hankalin fatar mai sawa.A cikin binciken da aka yi an gano cewa a cikin wani karamin tufafi mai kama da wani sashe na masana'anta mai girman 5cm^2 zai iya ƙunsar fiye da sel 200 kawai, wanda ya dace da samar da 2.5 - 10 volts na makamashi, kuma Ƙarshen cewa akwai ƙwayoyin sel guda 2000 ne kawai ke buƙatar samun damar yin cajin wayoyin hannu [2].
Hoto 2. Micro solar Kwayoyin 3 mm tsawo da 1.5 mm fadi (hoton Nottingham Trent University) [2].
Yadudduka na Photovoltaic sun haɗu da nau'i biyu masu nauyi da ƙananan ƙananan polymers don ƙirƙirar yadudduka masu samar da makamashi. Na farko daga cikin abubuwan biyu shine micro solar cell, wanda ke girbi makamashi daga hasken rana, kuma na biyu ya ƙunshi nanogenerator, wanda ke canza makamashin injiniya zuwa wutar lantarki. 6.Sashin photovoltaic na masana'anta ya ƙunshi zaruruwan polymer, waɗanda aka rufe su da yadudduka na manganese, zinc oxide (wani kayan aikin hoto), da jan ƙarfe iodide (don tarin caji) [6]. wata karamar waya ta jan karfe da aka hada a cikin rigar.
Sirrin da ke bayan waɗannan sababbin abubuwa ya ta'allaka ne a cikin na'urorin lantarki masu sauƙi na na'urorin photovoltaic masu sassauƙa.Transparent conductive electrodes daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke kan sel na photovoltaic wanda ke ba da damar haske ya shiga cikin tantanin halitta, yana ƙara yawan tarin haske. Ana amfani da Indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) don ƙirƙira waɗannan na'urorin lantarki masu haske, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don nuna gaskiya (> 80%) da kyakkyawan juriya na takarda da kuma kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na muhalli [7].ITO yana da mahimmanci saboda duk abubuwan da ke cikin su suna cikin daidaitattun daidaitattun daidaito. kauri hade tare da nuna gaskiya da juriya maximizes sakamakon lantarki [7] Duk wani sauye-sauye a cikin rabo zai haifar da mummunar tasiri ga masu amfani da wutar lantarki kuma haka aikin. Koyaya, ITO ƙaƙƙarfan albarkatu ce da ake cinyewa da sauri.Bincike yana ci gaba don nemo madadin da ba kawai cimma nasara ba.ITO, amma ana tsammanin za ta zarce aikin ITO [7].
Kayan aiki irin su polymer substrates da aka gyara tare da m conductive oxides sun girma a cikin shahara har zuwa yanzu. Abin takaici, an nuna waɗannan nau'o'in su zama masu gauraye, ƙwanƙwasa da nauyi, wanda ya rage girman sassauci da aiki [7] .Masu bincike suna ba da mafita ga mafita ta yin amfani da sassauƙan fiber-kamar hasken rana a matsayin maye gurbin electrode.Batir mai fibrous ya ƙunshi na'urar lantarki da wayoyi daban-daban na ƙarfe guda biyu waɗanda aka murɗa kuma a haɗa su da wani abu mai aiki don maye gurbin lantarki [7]. , amma matsalar ita ce rashin wurin tuntuɓar igiyoyin ƙarfe, wanda ke rage wurin tuntuɓar kuma don haka yana haifar da lalacewar aikin hoto [7].
Har ila yau, abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli sun kasance babban abin motsa jiki don ci gaba da bincike. A halin yanzu, duniya ta dogara sosai kan hanyoyin samar da makamashi da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba kamar burbushin man fetur, kwal da mai. Yana canza mayar da hankali daga hanyoyin da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa, ciki har da makamashin hasken rana. A kowace rana miliyoyin mutane suna cajin wayoyinsu, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, smartwatches da duk na'urorin lantarki, kuma yin amfani da masana'anta don cajin waɗannan na'urori ta hanyar tafiya kawai zai iya rage amfani da man fetur. maras muhimmanci a kan ƙaramin ma'auni na 1 ko ma mutane 500, idan aka haɓaka har zuwa dubun-dubatar miliyoyin zai iya rage yawan amfani da albarkatun mai.
Masu amfani da hasken rana a masana'antar hasken rana, ciki har da wadanda aka dora a saman gidaje, an san su da taimakawa wajen amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa da kuma rage amfani da man fetur, wanda har yanzu ake amfani da shi sosai.Amurka daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin masana'antu shine samun fili don gina wadannan gonakin.Matsakaicin iyali na iya tallafawa wasu adadin na'urorin hasken rana ne kawai, kuma adadin gonakin hasken rana yana da iyaka.A yankunan da ke da yalwar sararin samaniya, yawancin mutane suna shakkar gina sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki ta hasken rana saboda tana rufe yiwuwar dindindin. da kuma yuwuwar sauran damar da ake samu akan ƙasar, irin su sabbin kasuwancin.Akwai adadi mai yawa na shigarwa na hoto na hoto wanda zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai yawa kwanan nan, kuma babban amfanin gonakin hasken rana da ke iyo shine rage farashin [8].Idan Ba a yi amfani da ƙasa ba, babu buƙatar damuwa game da farashin shigarwa a saman gidaje da gine-gine. Dukan gonakin da aka sani a halin yanzu suna iyo a kan ruwa na wucin gadi, kuma a nan gaba shis yiwu a sanya wadannan gonaki a kan ruwa na halitta.Tafkunan wucin gadi suna da fa'idodi da yawa waɗanda ba kowa a cikin teku [9], tafkunan da mutum ke yi yana da sauƙin sarrafawa, kuma tare da abubuwan more rayuwa da hanyoyin da suka gabata, ana iya shigar da gonaki kawai. gonakin hasken rana na tushen ƙasa saboda bambancin yanayin zafi tsakanin ruwa da ƙasa [9].Saboda tsananin zafin ruwa na musamman, yanayin zafin ƙasa gabaɗaya ya fi na jikunan ruwa, kuma an nuna yanayin zafi yana yin mummunan tasiri ga Duk da yake yanayin zafi baya sarrafa yawan hasken rana da panel yake karba, yana shafar yawan kuzarin da kuke samu daga hasken rana. yanayin hutu, sannan idan hasken rana ya fado, za su kai ga wani yanayi mai ban sha'awa [10].Bambanci tsakanin yanayin hutu da yanayin jin dadi shine yawan kuzarin da ake samu a wutar lantarki.Ba wai kawai zai iya sunlig ba.ht yana burge waɗannan electrons, amma haka zai iya yin zafi. Idan zafin da ke kewaye da hasken rana ya ƙarfafa electrons kuma ya sanya su cikin yanayi mara kyau, ƙarfin lantarki ba zai yi girma ba lokacin da hasken rana ya shiga panel [10]. zafi mafi sauki fiye da ruwa, electrons a cikin hasken rana a kasa na iya kasancewa cikin yanayi mai dadi, sannan kuma hasken rana yana samuwa akan ko kusa da wani ruwa mai sanyi. Binciken da aka ci gaba ya tabbatar da cewa tasirin sanyaya. Ruwan da ke kewaye da bangarorin iyo yana taimakawa wajen samar da 12.5% ƙarin makamashi fiye da na ƙasa [9].
Ya zuwa yanzu, masu amfani da hasken rana suna saduwa da kashi 1 cikin 100 na bukatun makamashin Amurka, amma idan aka dasa wadannan gonakin masu amfani da hasken rana a kan kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na ma'adanar ruwa da mutum ya yi, hasken rana zai cika kusan kashi 10% na bukatun makamashin Amurka. A Colorado, inda ake iyo. An fara gabatar da bangarori da wuri-wuri, manyan tafkunan ruwa guda biyu a Colorado sun yi hasarar ruwa da yawa saboda shakuwa, amma ta hanyar shigar da wadannan fanfuna masu iyo, an hana tafkunan daga bushewa kuma an samar da wutar lantarki [11].Ko da kashi daya cikin dari na mutane. Tafkunan da aka kera da aka yi da gonaki masu amfani da hasken rana, za su iya samar da wutar lantarki akalla gigawatts 400, wanda zai iya samar da kwararan fitilar LED biliyan 44 sama da shekara guda.
Hoto na 4a yana nuna karuwar wutar lantarki da tantanin hasken rana da ke shawagi ke bayarwa dangane da Hoto na 4b. Duk da yake akwai wasu gonakin da ke shawagi a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, har yanzu suna yin babban bambanci wajen samar da wutar lantarki. Yawan kuzarin da ake samarwa an ce ya ninka sau uku daga 0.5TW a shekarar 2018 zuwa 1.1TW a karshen shekarar 2022.[12].
Dangane da muhalli, waɗannan gonakin hasken rana da ke iyo suna da fa'ida sosai ta hanyoyi da yawa. Baya ga rage dogaro da albarkatun mai, gonakin hasken rana kuma suna rage yawan iska da hasken rana da ke kaiwa saman ruwa, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen dawo da sauyin yanayi [9].A iyo mai iyo. gona da ke rage saurin iska da hasken rana kai tsaye da ke bugun ruwa da akalla 10% na iya kashe cikar shekaru goma na dumamar yanayi [9]. Dangane da bambancin halittu da muhalli, ba a sami wani babban mummunan tasiri ba. aiki a saman ruwa, ta yadda za a rage zaizayar ruwa a bakin kogi, da kariya da kuma kara kuzari ga ciyayi.[13].Babu wani tabbataccen sakamako kan ko abin ya shafi rayuwar ruwa, amma matakan kamar bukkar nono mai cike da harsashi da Ecocean ta kirkira. an nutsar da su a ƙarƙashin bangarori na photovoltaic don yiwuwar tallafawa rayuwar ruwa.[13].Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke damun ci gaba da bincike shine tasiri mai tasiri akan sarkar abinci saboda shigar da kayan aiki kamar su.Ƙungiyoyin photovoltaic akan buɗaɗɗen ruwa maimakon tafkunan da mutum ya yi. Yayin da ƙarancin hasken rana ya shiga cikin ruwa, yana haifar da raguwa a cikin adadin photosynthesis, wanda ya haifar da asarar phytoplankton da macrophytes. raguwa a cikin sarkar abinci, da dai sauransu, yana haifar da tallafi ga halittun ruwa [14].Ko da yake bai faru ba tukuna, wannan na iya hana ci gaba da lahani ga tsarin halittu, babban koma baya na gonakin hasken rana da ke iyo.
Tun da rana ita ce tushen makamashi mafi girma a gare mu, yana iya zama da wahala a sami hanyoyin da za mu iya amfani da wannan makamashi da kuma amfani da shi a cikin al'ummominmu.Sabbin fasahohi da sabbin abubuwa da ake samu kowace rana sun sa hakan ya yiwu.Yayin da ba a da yawa tufafi masu amfani da hasken rana. don saya ko kuma masu iyo gonakin hasken rana don ziyarta a yanzu, wannan ba ya canza gaskiyar cewa fasahar ba ta da babbar dama ko kyakkyawar makoma. masu amfani da hasken rana a saman gidaje.Waɗanda ake amfani da su na hasken rana suna da dogon aiki kafin su zama gama gari kamar yadda muke sawa a kowace rana.A nan gaba, ana sa ran za a yi amfani da ƙwayoyin hasken rana a rayuwar yau da kullun ba tare da an ɓoye tsakaninmu ba. tufafi.Yayin da fasaha ke ci gaba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yuwuwar masana'antar hasken rana ba ta da iyaka.
Game da Raj Shah Dr. Raj Shah shi ne darektan Kamfanin Koehler Instrument Company a New York, inda ya yi aiki na shekaru 27. Shi abokin aiki ne da abokan aikinsa suka zaba a ICEmE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSMTC, Cibiyar Nazarin Physics, Cibiyar Binciken Makamashi da Royal Society of Chemistry.ASTM Mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Eagle Dr. Shah kwanan nan ya shirya mafi kyawun littafin “Fuels and Lubricants Handbook,” cikakkun bayanai da ke cikin littafin ASTM's Long Awaited Fuels and Lubricants Handbook, 2nd Edition – Yuli 15, 2020 - David Phillips - Labari na Masana'antar Petro - Petro Online (petro-online.com)
Dr. Shah yana da digirin digirgir a fannin injiniyan sinadarai daga Jami'ar Jihar Penn da kuma kwararre a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Chartered, London.Har ila yau, masanin kimiyya ne na Chartered na Majalisar Kimiyya, Injiniyan Man Fetur na Cibiyar Makamashi da Majalisar Injiniya ta Burtaniya.Dr.An karrama Shah kwanan nan a matsayin Injiniya Mai Girma ta Tau beta Pi, babbar ƙungiyar injiniya a Amurka. Yana kan kwamitocin ba da shawara na Jami'ar Farmingdale (Fasahar Injiniya), Jami'ar Auburn (Tribology), da Jami'ar Stony Brook (Chemical Engineering/ Kimiyyar Materials da Injiniya).
Raj babban farfesa ne a Sashen Kimiyyar Materials da Injiniyan Sinadarai a SUNY Stony Brook, ya buga a kan 475 articles kuma ya kasance mai aiki a fagen makamashi fiye da shekaru 3. Ana iya samun ƙarin bayani game da Raj a Daraktan Kamfanin Koehler Instrument. An zabe shi a matsayin Fellow a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Duniya Petro Online (petro-online.com)
Ms. Mariz Baslious da Mr. Blerim Gashi dalibai ne na injiniyan sinadarai a SUNY, kuma Dokta Raj Shah shi ne shugaban hukumar ba da shawarwari na waje na jami'ar.Mariz da Blerim wani bangare ne na wani shirin horarwa a Koehler Instrument, Inc. a Holtzville, NY, cewa yana ƙarfafa ɗalibai don ƙarin koyo game da duniyar madadin fasahar makamashi.
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-12-2022
